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Journals
Diagnostics
Volume 14
Issue 12
10.3390/diagnostics14121287
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Open AccessReview
by Pokhraj Prakashchandra Suthar SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar Miral D. Jhaveri SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar Avin Kounsal SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar Lillian D. Pierce SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar Jagadeesh S. Singh SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 
Pokhraj Prakashchandra SutharMiral D. Jhaveri
, Avin KounsalLillian D. PierceJagadeesh S. Singh
Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2024, 14(12), 1287; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14121287
Submission received: 9 May 2024 / Revised: 4 June 2024 / Accepted: 11 June 2024 / Published: 18 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Imaging and Theranostics)
Abstract
Purpose of Review: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the diagnosis of brain death/death by neurologic criteria (BD/DNC) by emphasizing the clinical criteria established by the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) in light of their updated guidelines released in 2023. In this review, we will focus on the current implementation of ancillary tests including the catheter cerebral angiogram, nuclear scintigraphy, and transcranial Doppler, which provide support in diagnoses when clinical examination and apnea tests are inconclusive. Finally, we will also provide examples to discuss the implementation of certain imaging studies in the context of diagnosing BD/DNC. Recent Findings: Recent developments in the field of neurology have emphasized the importance of clinical criteria for diagnosing BD/DNC, with the AAN providing clear updated guidelines that include coma, apnea, and the absence of brainstem reflexes. Current ancillary tests, including the catheter cerebral angiogram, nuclear scintigraphy, and transcranial Doppler play a crucial role in confirming BD/DNC when the clinical assessment is limited. The role of commonly used imaging studies including computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiographies of the brain as well as CT/MR perfusion studies will also be discussed in the context of these new guidelines. Summary: BD/DNC represents the permanent cessation of brain functions, including the brainstem. This review article provides the historical context, clinical criteria, and pathophysiology that goes into making this diagnosis. Additionally, it explores the various ancillary tests and selected imaging studies that are currently used to diagnose BD/DNC under the newly updated AAN guidelines. Understanding the evolution of how to effectively use these diagnostic tools is crucial for healthcare professionals who encounter these BD/DNC cases in their practice.
Keywords: brain death; clinical diagnosis; pathophysiology; imaging
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MDPI and ACS Style
Suthar, P.P.; Jhaveri, M.D.; Kounsal, A.; Pierce, L.D.; Singh, J.S. Role of Clinical and Multimodality Neuroimaging in the Evaluation of Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria and Recent Highlights from 2023 Updated Guidelines. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 1287. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14121287
AMA Style
Suthar PP, Jhaveri MD, Kounsal A, Pierce LD, Singh JS. Role of Clinical and Multimodality Neuroimaging in the Evaluation of Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria and Recent Highlights from 2023 Updated Guidelines. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(12):1287. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14121287
Chicago/Turabian Style
Suthar, Pokhraj Prakashchandra, Miral D. Jhaveri, Avin Kounsal, Lillian D. Pierce, and Jagadeesh S. Singh. 2024. "Role of Clinical and Multimodality Neuroimaging in the Evaluation of Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria and Recent Highlights from 2023 Updated Guidelines" Diagnostics 14, no. 12: 1287. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14121287
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Suthar, P.P.; Jhaveri, M.D.; Kounsal, A.; Pierce, L.D.; Singh, J.S. Role of Clinical and Multimodality Neuroimaging in the Evaluation of Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria and Recent Highlights from 2023 Updated Guidelines. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 1287. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14121287
AMA Style
Suthar PP, Jhaveri MD, Kounsal A, Pierce LD, Singh JS. Role of Clinical and Multimodality Neuroimaging in the Evaluation of Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria and Recent Highlights from 2023 Updated Guidelines. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(12):1287. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14121287
Chicago/Turabian Style
Suthar, Pokhraj Prakashchandra, Miral D. Jhaveri, Avin Kounsal, Lillian D. Pierce, and Jagadeesh S. Singh. 2024. "Role of Clinical and Multimodality Neuroimaging in the Evaluation of Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria and Recent Highlights from 2023 Updated Guidelines" Diagnostics 14, no. 12: 1287. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14121287
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
Diagnostics, EISSN 2075-4418, Published by MDPI
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